Recent Progress: No Change

Between 2024 and 2025, the abundance of adult (age 1+) female blue crabs in the Chesapeake Bay decreased 19% from 133 million to 108 million. This number is below the target of 196 million, but above the 72.5 million threshold that is considered to be the minimum sustainable level for female blue crabs in the Bay. While the number of females declined, it remained within the acceptable range for population abundance. 

Outlook: Completed

The adult female blue crab abundance has not fallen below the minimum sustainable level for female blue crabs since 2014, indicating that the population is sustainable. In addition, the female exploitation rate has not risen above the established sustainability threshold since 2008, which suggests that management has been effective. Based on the 2025 data, the current Blue Crab Abundance Outcome is completed. Work is ongoing on the updated outcome that will guide continued work on blue crab abundance in the revised Chesapeake Bay Watershed Agreement. 

Adult Female Blue Crab Abundance (1990-2024) ^‍‍

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The female-specific reference points associated with this outcome were recommended in the 2011 blue crab benchmark stock assessment, adopted by Maryland, Virginia and the Potomac River Fisheries Commission (PRFC) in 2012 and updated at the 2017 blue crab stock assessment update. In November 2020, the three jurisdictions (Maryland, Virginia and the PFRC) formally adopted these female-specific reference points, which included more recent survey and harvest data. The minimum threshold for abundance of 70 million mature adult female crabs (age 1+) increased to 72.5 million, and the target abundance of 215 million adult females decreased to 196 million, based on the best available science. Where annual adult female blue crab abundance falls in relation to these numbers informs management decisions for the blue crab fishery. 

Since data collection began in 1990, the abundance of adult female blue crabs has peaked three times: first in 1991 when abundance reached 227 million, second in 2010 when abundance reached 246 million and third in 2017 when abundance reached a record-high 254 million. Since female-specific regulations were implemented in 2008, there was a substantial increase in female abundance in 2009, and a higher average female abundance post-2009 compared to pre-2009. The abundance of mature adult females has remained within the reference points since 2015; however, in recent years, the abundance of mature females has declined.   

Blue crabs support commercial and recreational fisheries across the region. Human activity—including harvest pressure and development that leads to the loss of fish and shellfish habitat—can affect blue crab populations. Environmental factors such as water temperatures, coastal currents, weather patterns and natural predation can also impact blue crab abundance. Water quality improvements, habitat enhancements for underwater grasses and oysters and harvest management will be critical to maintaining this valuable resource. 

Learn About Factors Influencing Progress

To achieve this outcome, Chesapeake Bay Program partners have committed to:

• Assessing blue crab stock status and communicating the results to managers and the public.
• Evaluating and improving the effectiveness of the blue crab stock assessment model.
• Identifying and addressing priority blue crab science needs.

Monitoring and assessing progress toward the outcome will occur through the Chesapeake Bay Stock Assessment Committee’s (CBSAC) annual review of blue crab survey data and determination of population status relative to biological reference points. The continuation of the annual Bay-wide Blue Crab Winter Dredge Survey will be essential in estimating the blue crab population and monitoring the stock.

As part of the Chesapeake Bay Program's partnership-wide implementation of adaptive management, progress toward this outcome was reviewed and discussed by the Management Board in December 2023.

Download Management Strategy (.pdf)

Participating partners have committed to taking a series of specific actions that will support the management strategy listed above.

Ongoing

• Development of a benchmark stock assessment, expected to be completed in spring 2026. 
• Assessing blue crab stock status and communicating the results to managers and the public. 
  • Analyzing the results of the annual Bay-wide Blue Crab Winter Dredge Survey.   
  • Developing management recommendations and deliver an advisory report.  
  • Developing decision criteria to determine the timing of blue crab stock assessment updates. 
• Evaluating and improving the effectiveness of the blue crab stock assessment model. 
  • Improving harvest reporting and characterization of catch composition. 
  • Evaluating blue crab indices and analytical models to ensure that the best approaches are used for stock assessment. 
• Identifying and addressing high priority blue crab science needs. 
  • Conducting research that examines relationships between, and primary drivers of, blue crab abundance, recruitment and other important aspects of population dynamics, including research into how coastal conditions may affect recruitment. 
  • Sharing results with relevant stakeholders and interested parties. 

Recently Completed

2025 

• Developed a blue crab population simulation model to test stock assessment model assumptions. 

2022

• Held a Blue Crab Science Workshop to discuss science needs and data gaps related to blue crab population drivers and stock assessment.

2021

• Developed the Blue Crab Harvest Reporting document.

Learn About Logic & Action Plan

The Sustainable Fisheries Goal Implementation Team leads the effort to achieve this outcome.

Participating partners include:

• Maryland Department of Natural Resources (State of Maryland)
• University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science Chesapeake Biological Laboratory (State of Maryland)
• Virginia Institute of Marine Science, William & Mary (Commonwealth of Virginia)
• Virginia Marine Resources Commission (Commonwealth of Virginia)
• Potomac River Fisheries Commission
• National Marine Fisheries Service (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration)
• University of North Florida
• Patuxent Environmental and Aquatic Research Laboratory, Morgan State University

Maryland, Virginia and PRFC also engage commercial and recreational blue crab harvesters through committees and advisory groups, which include the Maryland Blue Crab Industry Advisory Committee, Maryland Tidal Fisheries Advisory Commission, Maryland Watermen’s Association, Virginia Crab Management Advisory Committee, Virginia Watermen’s Association, and the Potomac River Crab Advisory Committee.